Puppet, is one of the oldest traditional theater. In the reign of King Balitung, has no hint of puppet show, which is contained in the inscription Balitung with the year AD 907, who proclaim that it has been known at the time the puppet show.
A copper plate inscription from Central Java; Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, examples of this inscription can be seen in Appendix Claire Holt book Art in Indonesia: Continuities and Changes, 1967 Prof.Dr.Soedarsono translation (MSPI-2000-p. 431).
Written as follows:
Issued on behalf of King Pacific Islands Sangsang text is about the village, which is marked as a fief, whose implementation is addressed to the god of the porch in Dalinan. Again after paint and decorate themselves with flowers, the participants sat in a tent overlooking the Sang Hyang Kudur celebration. "For the safety of sacred buildings and the people" show (spectacle) disakilan. Sang Hyang Tangkil the (mamidu), the Nalu intone (macarita) Bhima Kumara, and dancing (mangigal) as Kicaka; Jaluk intone the Ramayana; the Mungmuk acting (mamirus) and droll (mebanol), the Galigi perform Wayang (mawayang) for the Gods, intone Bhimaya Kumara.
The importance of this text lies in a clear indication that at the beginning of the 10th century, the episodes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana sung in rhythm in ritual events. Kumara Bhimaya probably a story that relates to the Milky probably has performed as a shadow theater (now: puppet prototype). Where the origin of puppets, is still disputed, because of lack of evidence to support it. Some believe that the original puppet of Javanese culture, saying because the terms are used in many expressions of Javanese wayang.
Dr.GAJHazeu, in detertasinya Bijdrage tot de Kennis van het Javaansche Tooneel (Th 1897 in Leiden, The Netherlands) believes that the puppet show comes from the original art of Java. This can be seen from the terms used by many using the Java language for example, color, blencong, mobile, kepyak, puppet. In the arrangement of a traditional house in Java, we will usually find the parts of the room: patio, pendhapa, Omah buri, gandhok senthong and room for pertujukan ringgit (pringgitan), in Javanese wayang ringgit means. For the Javanese in building rumahpun provide a place for puppet performances. In the book Over de Oorsprong van het Java-ansche Tooneel - Dr.W Rassers said that, Java is not a puppet show in the original creation of the Javanese. In Javanese puppet show, an imitation of what already exists in India. In India also were performing a shadow puppet show is similar to Java.
Dr.N.J. Krom same opinion with Dr. W. Rassers, who said the puppet show at Java the same as what's in the West Indies, so he guessed that the puppet is the creation of Hindu and Javanese. There is also a researcher and author of other books that say that the puppet came from India, and even some who say the Chinese. In the book Chineesche Brauche und Spiele in Europa - Prof G. Schlegel writes, that in ancient Chinese culture there is a kind of puppet performances.
In the reign Kaizar Wu Ti, circa 140 BC, there is a kind of shadow show puppet. Then the show was spread to India and then from India to Indonesia. To reinforce this, in Studien Koloniale magazine, a writer suggests the existence of similarities between the Chinese word Wa-Well (Hokian), Wo-yong (Cantonese), Woying (Mandarin), meaning that the show of shadows, which together with the puppet in the language Java.
While in Indonesia, people often say that the original puppets from Java / Indonesia, but must explain what the original material or form of wayang puppets and how the puppet stories. The question is, why the leather puppet show, generally always took the stories from the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata? In his paper Attempt at a historical outline of the shadow theater Jacques Brunet, (Kuala Lumpur, 27-30 August 1969), says, it is difficult to refute or reject the notion that puppet theater is located in Southeast Asia originated from India, especially concerning the source of the story. Paper mentioned above tries to explain that the puppet has many similarities there are in Asia, especially Southeast Asia bound by the same stories are sourced from the Ramayana and Mahabharata from India. The history of the spread of puppets from India to the West to the Middle East and to the east in general up to Southeast Asia.
In the Middle East, called Karagheuz, in Thailand called Nang Nang Yai & Talun, on the Cambodia-called Nang Nang Sbek & Koloun. From Thailand to Malaysia called Wayang Siam. While that directly from India to Indonesia called Wayang Kulit Purwa. From Indonesia to Malaysia called Javanese Wayang. In Malaysia there are 2 types the name of the puppet, the Wayang Java (from Java) and the Wayang Siam came from Thailand.
The 4th century Hindu people come to Indonesia, especially the merchant. On the occasion, Hindus bring his teachings with the Vedas and the epics of India's great story Mahabharata and Ramayana in Sanskrit. The 9th century, with stories emerging in the form of an ancient Javanese language kakawin stories sourced from the Mahabharata or Ramayana, which has been adapted into stories that shaped kakawin, such stories as: Arjunawiwaha professor Kanwa essay, essay Bharatayuda Sedah professor and professor Panuluh , Kresnayana essay Triguna professor, professor Panuluh Gatotkaca Sraya essay and others. In its time, all these stories come from the Mahabharata story, which is then adapted according to the history of his time and also adapted to fairy tales and legends and local folklore. In recognizing the puppet, we can approach it in terms of literature, since the story primarily served in the puppet shadow play is generally always taken from the epic Mahabharata or Ramayana. The second story, if we trace the source of the story comes from India. Viyasa essay comes from the Mahabharata, while the Epic Ramayana written by Valmiki.
This reinforced the fact that the puppet stories contained in Asia, especially in Southeast Asia generally use the source of the story of Ramayana and Mahabharata from India. The stories are usually presented in a puppet, is actually an adaptation of the epic Ramayana and Mahabharata are tailored to local folklore or fairy tales. Historically leather puppet show is always associated with a ceremony, for example, for the purposes of circumcision ceremony, the village clean, get rid of misfortune and danger. This is very close to the habits and customs of the local.
In tracing since when there are performances of wayang in Java, we can find a variety of inscriptions at the time of the kings of Java, among others, at the time of King Balitung. It is not clear whether the puppet show as we see today. In the reign of King Balitung, has no indication of puppet show. It is also found in a professor's work Arjunawiwaha kakawin Kanwa, in the era of King Airlangga in the 11th century. Therefore puppet show is considered old enough art tradition. While the form of puppet on the show at that time were not yet clearly illustrated how the shape. Traditional theatrical performances are typically used to support both means of religious ceremonies or customs, but the leather puppet show can instantly become an arena for the ceremony. When we watch a puppet, we can immediately guess the puppet show for what purposes. This can be viewed directly on a story that is played, whether for purposes of harvesting or for ngruwat welcome and the show itself is a ceremony.
Source: Book puppetry to CMS, Publisher Ministry of National Education
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